Understanding Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

What is CTE?

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, or CTE, is a progressive and degenerative brain disease that is associated with repeated head injuries such as concussions or subconcussions. CTE affects how areas of the brain function and communicate. This disruption of normal brain functioning can activate a range of cognitive, emotional and behavioural issues. Currently, the only way to definitively diagnose CTE is through post-mortem neuropathological autopsy.

Causes and Risk Factors

As CTE is associated with repeated head trauma, certain groups have a higher risk of developing CTE. These groups include:

• Those who participate in contact sports (for example: football, soccer, boxing)

• Victims of domestic abuse or repeated physical trauma

• Those who have experienced falls or accidents with head injuries

• Military veterans

In 2021–22, there were 17,700 Emergency department (ED) presentations and 10,800 hospitalisations for concussions. Falls were the leading cause of concussion hospitalisations, accounting for 50%. Sport was involved in over 1 in 5 concussion hospitalisations; however, this is likely underestimated due to under-reporting (AIHW, 2024).

Symptoms of CTE

Symptoms of CTE don’t typically present straight away and often appear years later after repeated head trauma.

Early symptoms can include:

• Mood changes; such as mood swings

• Personality and behaviour changes; such as aggression or poor impulse control

• Depression or substance abuse issues

• Trouble concentrating

• Mild memory loss

• Headaches

Later symptoms may include:

• Increased memory loss

• Confusion or impaired judgement

• Mental health issues

• Movement disorders

Prevention Methods for CTE

As there is no known cure for CTE; prevention is key. Reducing the number of head impacts is ultimately the best way to reduce your risk of developing CTE. Protective measures can include:

• Always wear protective head gear when playing contact sports such as football or boxing

• Do not continue playing sport if you suspect you have a concussion and seek medical clearance before returning

• Ensuring sports management have strict concussion protocols, appropriate treatment pathways and recovery time periods

• Wear a helmet and protective gear when participating in sports such as cycling, skateboarding, motocross or horse riding

• Always wear your seatbelt in the car

What to do if you suspect you may be suffering with CTE

Whilst there is no known cure for CTE, there are a range of treatments for managing symptoms. Some of these include:

• Medication for pain management, depression or mood disorders

• Psychological support and therapy

• Care teams to provide support

• Lifestyle changes

If you suspect you may be suffering from symptoms of CTE, the first step is to consult with a healthcare professional. They can support you to understand your individual symptoms, rule out any other potential causes and advise you on available treatment options to support you.

Whilst the full scope of CTE is still being studied, our hope is that as critical research advances, we can develop more effective diagnosis methods and treatments for individuals suffering from this disease. For now, the best method for combatting CTE is raising awareness, education around prevention methods and early intervention for those affected by symptoms of CTE.